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| | [[Image:Goldmanberkman.jpeg|thumb|300px|Alexandre Berkman, [[Emma Goldman]](1917)]]'''Alexander Berkman''' (21 November 1870 - 28 Juni 1936) adalah seorang penulis asal Rusia dan juga seorang aktivis yang hidup dan banyak menghabiskan waktunya dalam bekerja di Amerika Serikat, di mana dia adalah seorang anggota terkemuka dari sebuah pergerakan [[Anarkisme|anarkis]] disana. Berkman mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan [[Emma Goldman]] salah seorang tokoh [[Daftar pemikir anarkis|anarkis]] kelahiran Lithuania, dengannya pula ia sering berkolaborasi dan mengorganisir kampanye [[hak sipil|hak-hak sipil]] dan kampanye [[anti perang]]. | | [[Image:Goldmanberkman.jpeg|thumb|300px|Alexandre Berkman, [[Emma Goldman]](1917)]]'''Alexander Berkman''' (21 November 1870 - 28 Juni 1936) adalah seorang penulis asal Rusia dan juga seorang aktivis yang hidup dan banyak menghabiskan waktunya dalam bekerja di Amerika Serikat, di mana dia adalah seorang anggota terkemuka dari sebuah pergerakan [[Anarkisme|anarkis]] disana. Berkman mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan [[Emma Goldman]] salah seorang tokoh [[Daftar pemikir anarkis|anarkis]] kelahiran Lithuania, dengannya pula ia sering berkolaborasi dan mengorganisir kampanye [[hak sipil|hak-hak sipil]] dan kampanye [[anti perang]]. |
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| − | == Tahun-tahun awal ==
| + | Thanks for this article. I'd also like to convey that it can always be hard if you find yourself in school and starting out to initiate a long history of credit. There are many college students who are only trying to live and have long or good credit history can often be a difficult thing to have. ekbkfecgkebgdbfd |
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| − | Berkman dilahirkan dengan nama Ovsei Osipovich Berkkan di Vilnius, Lithuania, dalam keluarga pengusaha Yahudi yang kaya. Ia dibesarkan di St Petersburg, Rusia dan di sana ia dikenal sebagai ''Alexander'', sebuah nama yang lebih lazim di negara itu. Belakangan ia dikenal di antara teman-temannya sebagai ''Sasha'' (nama panggilan umum dalam bahasa Rusia untuk Alexander). Kedua orangtuanya meninggal ketika ia masih muda, dan pada usia 17 tahun ia pindah ke Amerika Serikat.
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| − | Segera setelah tiba di AS, Berkman menjadi terlibat dengan kegiatan politik dan tertarik dalam anarkisme melalui keterlibatannya dalam kampanye untuk membebaskan orang-orang yang dinyatakan bersalah dalam [[Kerusuhan Haymarket|pengeboman Haymarket]] pada 1886. Di New York City, Berkman berjumpa dan menjalin cinta singkat dengan [[Emma Goldman]], juga seorang imigran Rusia yang saat itu bekerja di sebuah pabrik pakaian dan yang belakangan menjadi seorang pemimpin anarkis. Berkman dan Goldman tetap bersahabat baik dan menjadi rekan kerja seumur hidup mereka.
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| − | <!--[[Image:Alexander_Berkman,_1892.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Alexander Berkman, 1892]] Salah satu pengaruh awal yang dialami Berkman dan Goldman ditimbulkan oleh anarkis Jerman, [[Johann Most]]. Pada 1892, dalam usia 22, Berkman — di bawah pengaruh dukungan Most terhadap ''[[propaganda of the deed]]'' — attempted to assassinate [[Henry Clay Frick]], a wealthy industrialist involved in a bitter dispute with steelworkers in [[Homestead, Pennsylvania]]. The Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers Union had called its members to go on strike at the Homestead steel plant owned by Frick and [[Andrew Carnegie]]. Frick took the controversial decision to hire three hundred strikebreakers from the [[Pinkerton Detective Agency]], brought in on armed barges. The strikers were waiting for them and a day-long battle took place. Ten men were killed and sixty wounded before the governor declared [[martial law]]. After gaining entrance to Frick's office, Berkman shot him twice in the neck, missed the third shot, and then stabbed him twice with a poisoned knife, but [[Henry_Clay_Frick#Assassination_Attempt|Frick survived the attack]]. Berkman was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to twenty-two years' imprisonment, of which he served fourteen years, many of them in solitary confinement. He was released from prison in May 1906.
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| − | Upon regaining his freedom, Berkman — shattered and physically broken — joined Goldman as one of the leading figures of the anarchist movement in the US. From 1908 to 1915, he contributed to her paper ''[[Mother Earth (magazine)|Mother Earth]]'', then from 1916 to 1917, briefly published his own in [[San Francisco]], ''The Blast'', and then joined forces with Goldman again with ''Mother Earth Bulletin''. During this time, Berkman also lectured and taught, helped organize working and unemployed people, and campaigned for civil rights. Berkman wrote up his prison years in his stirring ''[[Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist]]'' which helped him come to terms with his horrendous experiences and gave him a new lease on life.
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| − | == Soviet Russia ==
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| − | From 1914, Berkman and Goldman opposed the [[World War I|First World War]], and from 1917, when the US entered, they campaigned against conscription, for which they were repeatedly imprisoned between 1917 and 1919. Berkman and Goldman were targeted during the [[Palmer Raids]] during the post-war [[Red Scare]] of 1919. They were deported, along with hundreds of other radicals of Russian origin, to the [[Soviet Union]].
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| − | Both Goldman and Berkman supported the [[Bolshevik]]s when they came to power in Russia after the [[October Revolution]] of [[1917]], but during the two years they spent in the USSR, they gradually became disillusioned as the communist regime became increasingly repressive. The brutal suppression of the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] in March 1921 was the final straw and Berkman and Goldman moved to [[Germany]].
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| − | == Final years ==
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| − | In subsequent years, Goldman and Berkman led the libertarian critique of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]], denouncing what they saw as the betrayal of the revolution. While they helped persuade the main organizations of the international anarchist and [[anarcho-syndicalist]] movement not to participate in the Third International controlled by the Russians, their impact on the wider world was only partially successful. Producing a constant stream of articles, they tried to get this material published by the left-wing press, but the socialist and liberal papers and publishers refused to publish anything that would shake confidence in the left-wing Russian government. As part of this campaign, Berkman published ''The Bolshevik Myth'' in 1925, an account of his time in post-revolutionary Russia and his gradual disillusionment with the Bolsheviks. The book is admired both for its literary qualities as its documentary value.
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| − | Berkman spent his last years in [[France]], eking out a precarious living as an editor and translator, despite his popularity as a speaker and writer. His main work during this period was ''Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism'', published in 1929. This book was later published under the name "What is Communist Anarchism?" and finally shortened to "What is Anarchism?". "What is Anarchism?" has become one of the most well known introductions to anarchism in print and arguably Berkman's best work.
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| − | Suffering from poor health, Berkman underwent two unsuccessful operations for a prostate condition. In constant pain and forced to rely on the financial help of friends, Berkman committed suicide in 1936, just weeks before the outbreak of the [[Spanish Revolution]].
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| − | ==Pranala luar==
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| − | *{{en}} [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/berkman.html Arsip Alexander Berkman]
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| − | *{{en}} [http://libcom.org/library/alexander-berkman Arsip Alexander Berkman di libcom.org]
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| − | *{{en}} [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=760184 ABC of Anarchism], buku karangan Alexander Berkman.
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| − | *{{en}} [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/berkman.html "Sebuah sketa Alexander Berkman"] (oleh Emma Goldman)
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| − | *{{en}} [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Essays/berkman.html "Hari-hari terakhir Alexander Berkman"] (oleh Emma Goldman)
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| − | *{{en}} [http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/berkman/ Arsip online Spunk]
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| − | *{{en}} [http://www.isbn.nu/author/Berkman,%20Alexander/ Daftar ISBN karya-karya Alexander Berkman]
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| − | {{bio-stub}}
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| − | [[Kategori:Tokoh Anarkis|Berkman, Alexander]]
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| − | [[Kategori:Alexander Berkman|*]]
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(21 November 1870 - 28 Juni 1936) adalah seorang penulis asal Rusia dan juga seorang aktivis yang hidup dan banyak menghabiskan waktunya dalam bekerja di Amerika Serikat, di mana dia adalah seorang anggota terkemuka dari sebuah pergerakan
disana. Berkman mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan
kelahiran Lithuania, dengannya pula ia sering berkolaborasi dan mengorganisir kampanye
Thanks for this article. I'd also like to convey that it can always be hard if you find yourself in school and starting out to initiate a long history of credit. There are many college students who are only trying to live and have long or good credit history can often be a difficult thing to have. ekbkfecgkebgdbfd
