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| | Pada tahun 1842, Bakunin menulis "The Reaction in Germany" - sebuah artikel yang terkenal disebarkan oleh para pemuda dan kelompok-kelompok bawah tanah. | | Pada tahun 1842, Bakunin menulis "The Reaction in Germany" - sebuah artikel yang terkenal disebarkan oleh para pemuda dan kelompok-kelompok bawah tanah. |
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| − | <!--In 1834 he was commissioned as a junior officer in the Russian Imperial Guard and sent to Minsk and Hrodna|Gardinas in Lithuania (now in Belarus). Here another maternal relative Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov-Vilensky had been appointed govenor. That summer he became embroiled in a family row taking his sister's side in rebellion against an unhappy marriage. This broke up the harmony of his family. Though his father wished him to continue in either the military or civil service, Bakunin abandoned both in 1835 and made his way to Moscow, where he hoped to pursue the study of philosophy.
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| − | == Interest in Philosophy ==
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| − | In Moscow, Bakunin became fast friends with a group of former university students, then engaged in the systematic study of Idealist philosophy grouped around the poet Nikolay Stankevich - ''"“the bold pioneer who opened to Russian thought the vast and fertile continent of German metaphysics,”""'' (E. H. Carr). The philosophy of Kant was initially a central part of their study, but this led on to Schelling, Fichte, and Hegel. The Beer sisters, already friends of his own sisters, were part of this circle. By autumn 1835, he had conceived of the idea of forming a philosphical circle with them in his home town of Pryamukhino. This was a passionate environment for the young people involved, and for example Vissarion Belinsky fell in love with one of Bakunin's sisters. Although not in a relationship with anyone, Bakunin was known to get involved in other peoples' relationships. But by early 1836 he was back in Moscow and produced a translation of Fichte's ''Lectures on the Destiny of the Scholar'' and ''The Way to a Blessed Life'' became his favourite book. With Stankevich he also read Goethe, Schiller, Jean Paul and E.T.A. Hoffmann.
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| − | At this time he embraced a religious but extraecclesiastical immanentism:
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| − | :''… [l]et religion become the basis and reality of your life and your actions, but let it be the pure and single-minded religion of divine reason and divine love, and not … that religion which strove to disassociate itself from everything that makes up the substance and life of truly moral existence. … Look at Christ, my dear friend; … . His life was divine through and through, full of self-denial, and He did everything for mankind, finding His satisfaction and His delight in the dissolution of His material being.
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| − | :''… Because we have baptized in this world and are in communion with this heavenly love, we feel that we are divine creatures, that we are free, and that we have been ordained for the emancipation of humanity, which has remained a victim of the instinctive laws of unconscious existence. … Absolute freedom and absolute love –that is our aim; the freeing of humanity and the whole world – that is our purpose.''
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| − | But he was becoming more and more influenced by Hegel, and provided the first translation of a text by Hegel in Russian language|Russian. The transformation became complete after he had migrated to Berlin, the fount of idealist philosophy in Europe. During this period he got to know the socialists Alexander Herzen, Nikolay Ogarev, and the slavophiles Konstantin Aksakov and Piotr Tschaadaev.
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| − | == Study in Berlin ==
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| − | After long wrangles with his father, Bakunin was eventually able to make his way to Berlin in 1840.
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| − | His stated plan at the time was still to become a university professor (a "priest of truth," as he and his friends imagined it). But he soon encountered and joined radical students of the so-called 'Hegelian Left,' and joined the socialism|socialist movement in Berlin. From there he went to Paris, where he met Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon and George Sand, and also made the acquaintance of the chief Polish exiles. From Paris he journeyed to Switzerland, where he resided for some time, taking an active share in all socialistic movements.
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| − | While in Switzerland, Bakunin was ordered by the Russian government to return to Russia, and on his refusal his property was confiscated. In 1848, on his return to Paris, he published a fiery tirade against Russia, which caused his expulsion from France. The revolutionary movement of 1848 gave him the opportunity to join a radical campaign of democratic agitation, and for his participation in the May Uprising in Dresden of 1849 he was arrested and condemned to death. The death sentence, however, was commuted to imprisonment for life, and he was eventually handed over to the Russian authorities, by whom he was imprisoned and finally sent to eastern Siberia in 1855.
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| − | Bakunin received permission to move to the Amur region, from where he succeeded in escaping, making his way through Japan and the United States to England in 1861. He spent the rest of his life in exile in western Europe, principally in Switzerland. In 1869 he founded the ''Social Democratic Alliance''; however, this organisation was refused entry to the International Workingmen's Association|First International, on the grounds that it was an international organisation in itself, and only national organisations were permitted membership in the International. The ''Alliance'' dissolved in the same year it was formed, and the various groups which composed it joined the International separately.
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| − | In 1870 Bakunin led a failed uprising in Lyons on the principles later exemplified by the Paris Commune. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels later approved of the Paris Commune and described it as an example of a dictatorship of the proletariat; however, Marx was of the view that the rising in Lyons had been premature and adventurist.
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| − | Bakunin's disagreements with Marx, which led to Bakunin's expulsion from the International in 1872 after being outvoted by the Marx party at the Hague Congress (1872), give a clear-cut representation of the differences between the Marxist view of the need for a transitional workers' state prior to the final dissolution of the state, and Bakunin's opposition to the notion that such an intermediate step was needed. Although Bakunin accepted Marx's class analysis and economic theories regarding capitalism (acknowledging "Marx's genius"), he thought Marx was arrogant, and that his methods would compromise a communist revolution (a prediction that many believe has been proved accurate). More importantly, Bakunin criticized "authoritarianism|authoritarian socialism" (Marxism) and the concept of dictatorship of the proletariat which he adamantly refused.
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| − | :"If you took the most ardent revolutionary, vested him in absolute power, within a year he would be worse than the Czar himself."
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| − | Bakunin retired to Lugano in 1873 and died at Bern on June 13, 1876.
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| − | == Political beliefs ==
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| − | Bakunin's political beliefs rejected governing systems in every name and shape, from the idea of God downwards; and every form of external authority, whether emanating from the will of a sovereignty|sovereign or from universal suffrage. He wrote in his ''Dieu et l'Etat'' or ''God and the State'' (published posthumously in 1882):
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| − | :"The liberty of man consists solely in this, that he obeys the laws of nature, because he has himself recognized them as such, and not because they have been imposed upon him externally by any foreign will whatsoever, human or divine, collective or individual."
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| − | Natural laws being thus recognized by every man for himself, Bakunin's reasoning went, an individual could not but obey them, for they would be the laws also of his own nature; and the need for political organization, administration and legislation would at once disappear.
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| − | Bakunin similarly rejected the notion of any privileged position or class, since "''it is the peculiarity of privilege and of every privileged position to kill the intellect and heart of man. The privileged man, whether he be privileged politically or economically, is a man depraved in intellect and heart.''"
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| − | Bakunin's methods of realizing his revolutionary program were no less purposeful than his principles. The revolutionist, as Bakunin described, would be a devoted man, who allowed no private interests or feelings, and no scruples of religion, patriotism or morality, to turn him aside from his mission, the aim of which is by all available means to overturn the existing society.
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| − | The dispute between Mikhail Bakunin and Karl Marx highlighted the difference between anarchism and Marxism: While both anarchists and Marxists share the same final goal - the creation of a free, egalitarian society with classlessness|no social classes and no government, they strongly disagree on how to achieve this goal. Anarchists believe that the classless, stateless society should be established right away, as soon as possible; they refuse any intermediate stage of dictatorship of the proletariat. Marxists believe that such a thing would be impossible and that the anarchists are too idealistic; the Marxists want a more gradual transition towards the classless and stateless society, involving a transitional stage of democracy|democratic government and planned economy|planned economics, which they call "socialism". (Note that the word "socialism" also has a number of other meanings.)
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| − | ==Anti-Semitism==
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| − | Bakunin is well known to have been anti-semitic. However there is disagreement over interpretation of parts of his writings. Anti-semitism was rife in 19th century European society and was often vaunted as an example of anti-capitalism by radicals and the literati.
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| − | One quote of Bakunin's regarding Jewish people he wrote "one exploiting sect, one people of leeches, one single devouring parasite closely and intimately bound together not only across national boundaries, but also across all divergences of political opinion ... [Jews have] that mercantile passion which constitutes one of the principle traits of their national character" [http://library.flawlesslogic.com/jtr_01.htm] {{fact}} The following quote, part of a polemic attacking Karl Marx, illustrates his perceptions of European Jewry:
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| − | "Now this entire Jewish world, which constitutes an exploiting sect, a people of leeches, a voracious parasite, closely and intimately connected with another, regardless not only of frontiers but of political differences as well -- this Jewish world is today largely at the disposal of Marx or Mayer Amschel Rothschild family|Rothschild. I am sure that, on the one hand, the Rothschilds appreciate the merits of Marx, and that on the other hand, Marx feels an instinctive inclination and a great respect for the Rothschilds. This may seem strange. What could there be in common between communism and high finance? Ho ho! The communism of Marx seeks a strong state centralization, and where this exists, there the parasitic Jewish nation -- which speculates upon the labor of people -- will always find the means for its existence...
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| − | "In reality, this would be for the proletariat a barrack-regime, under which the workingmen and the workingwomen, converted into a uniform mass, would rise, fall asleep, work, and live at the beat of the drum. The privilege of ruling would be in the hands of the skilled and the learned, with a wide scope left for profitable crooked deals carried on by the Jews, who would be attracted by the enormous extension of the international speculations of the national banks..." -- Michael Bakunin: ''Polemique contre les Juifs'', 1872.
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| − | ==Criticism==
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| − | Bakunin has been criticized by anarchists and statists alike as a closet authoritarian. He is known to have sent secret letters in the hopes of creating an "invisible dictatorship." For example, a letter to Albert Richard stated that "[t]here is only one power and one dictatorship whose organisation is salutary and feasible: it is that collective, invisible dictatorship of those who are allied in the name of our principle." However, it is argued that these quotes are taken out of context, and that by definition this "invisible dictatorship", to the contrary of the Marxist "dictatorship of the proletariat", is not organized: "this dictatorship will be all the more salutary and effective for not being dressed up in any official power or extrinsic character." [http://struggle.ws/anarchism/writers/anarcho/anarchism/bakunindictator.html] Some however argue that the sole expression in itself is a sign of Bakunin's alleged authoritarianism.
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| − | Some anarchists argue that the "collective dictatorship" was meant to be the spontaneous coalition of citizens against the state without a ruler behind it. However, in one letter Bakunin stated that "the secret and universal association of the International Brothers" need not be large. "One hundred revolutionaries, strongly and earnestly allied, would suffice for the international organization of all of Europe. Two or three hundred revolutionaries will be enough for the organization of the largest country." [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1869/program.htm]
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| − | Many, proponents of anarchism and statism alike, would consider this to be against the basic ideals of anarchism because the vast majority of people are left outside the decision-making process. In the same letter he argued that
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| − | :"revolutions are never made by individuals or even by secret societies. They make themselves."
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| − | ==Bibliography==
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| − | * ''Bakunin on anarchism'' / edited, translated and with an introduction by Sam Dolgoff ; preface by Paul Avrich. -- New York : Knopf, originally published in 1971 as ''Bakunin on anarchy''.
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| − | *''Statism and Anarchy'', Cambridge University Press 1991
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| − | * ''No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism'' by Daniel Guérin
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| − | English translations of Bakunin are generally rare when compared to the comprehensive editions in French (by Arthur Lehning) and German. Madelaine Grawitz' biography (Paris: Calmann Lévy 2000) remains to be translated.
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| − | The standard English-language biographies are by E. H. Carr and Aileen Kelly.
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| − | An eight-volume complete works of Bakunin is to be published at some point in the future by AK Press; according to Ramsey Kanaan these will likely be published yearly for eight years in hardcover format.-->
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| | == Lihat pula == | | == Lihat pula == |
| − | *Anarkisme | + | * [[Anarkisme]] |
| − | *Kebangsawanan buruh | + | * [[Sosialisme Libertarian]] |
| − | *Sosialisme Libertarian
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| | == Pranala luar == | | == Pranala luar == |
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| | *[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bakunin/Bakuninarchive.html Arsip Bakunin] di Anarchy Archives | | *[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bakunin/Bakuninarchive.html Arsip Bakunin] di Anarchy Archives |
| | *[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/bakunin.html Bakunin Biografi di Flag Blackened] | | *[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchists/bakunin.html Bakunin Biografi di Flag Blackened] |
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| | *[http://www.syndicalist.org/archives/llr1-13/13i.shtml Bakunin dan para sejarahwan] | | *[http://www.syndicalist.org/archives/llr1-13/13i.shtml Bakunin dan para sejarahwan] |
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| | + | {{bio-stub}} |
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| | [[Kategori:Pemikir Anarkis|Bakunin, Mikhail]] | | [[Kategori:Pemikir Anarkis|Bakunin, Mikhail]] |
| | + | [[Kategori:Mikhail Bakunin|*]] |
Bakunin merupakan seorang tokoh anarkis yang mempunyai energi Revolusi|revolusi yang dashyat. Bakunin merupakan ‘penganut’ ajaran Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon, tetapi mengembanginya ke bidang Ekonomi|ekonomi ketika dia dan sayap Kolektivisme|kolektivisme dalam First International mengakui hak milik kolektif atas tanah dan alat-alat produksi dan ingin membatasi kekayaan pribadi kepada hasil kerja seseorang. Bakunin juga merupakan seorang anti Komunis|komunis yang pada saat itu mempunyai karakter yang sangat otoriter.
Pada salah satu pidatonya dalam kongres ‘Perhimpunan Perdamaian dan Kebebasan’ di Bern (1868), dia berkata, “Saya bukanlah seorang komunis karena Komunisme|komunisme mempersatukan masyarakat dalam Negara|negara dan terserap di dalamnya; karena komunisme akan mengakibatkan konsentrasi kekayaan dalam negara, sedangkan saya ingin memusnahkan negara --pemusnahan semua prinsip otoritas dan kenegaraan, yang dalam kemunafikannya ingin membuat manusia bermoral dan berbudaya, tetapi yang sampai sekarang selalu memperbudak, mengeksploitasi dan menghancurkan mereka”.
Bakunin dilahirkan oleh sebuah keluarga Aristokrat|aristokrat disebuah desa bernama Pryamukhino (Прямухино) yang terletak antara Torzhok (Торжок) dan Kuvshinovo (Кувшиново), di Tver guberniya, barat laut Moskwa, pada musim semi 1814.
Bakunin lahir pada bulan Mei 1814. Sejak usia remaja, ia telah banyak terlibat dalam berbagai aktivitas politik. Karir politiknya diketahui dimulai sejak ia berusia 22 tahun (1836), ketika ia menterjemahkan sebuah tulisan karya Hegel yang bertajuk "Gymnasial Lectures", dan ialah yang pertama kalinya menerjemahkan karya Hegel ke dalam bahasa Rusia.
Pada tahun 1842, Bakunin menulis "The Reaction in Germany" - sebuah artikel yang terkenal disebarkan oleh para pemuda dan kelompok-kelompok bawah tanah.
